Stablecoin issuers (e.g., Circle): Regular liquidity and reserve audits attested by top accounting firms. These reports confirm that each USDC (or EURC) token is backed at least 1:1 by cash and short-term government securities.
Asset manager (Keyrock): Successful SOC 2 Type II and equivalent operational audits covering governance, data protection, and internal controls. This ensures process integrity and compliance with institutional standards.